ABSTRACT
Ischemic stroke and ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury induced by thrombolytic therapy are conditions with high mortality and serious long-term physical and cognitive disabilities. They have a major impact on global public health. These disorders are associated with multiple insults to the cerebral microcirculation, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, leukocyte adhesion and infiltration, brain blood barrier (BBB) disruption, and capillary hypoperfusion, ultimately resulting in tissue edema, hemorrhage, brain injury and delayed neuron damage. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used in China, Korea, Japan and other Asian countries for treatment of a wide range of diseases. In China, the usage of compound TCM preparation to treat cerebrovascular diseases dates back to the Han Dynasty. Even thousands of years earlier, the medical formulary recorded many classical prescriptions for treating cerebral I/R-related diseases. This review summarizes current information and underlying mechanisms regarding the ameliorating effects of compound TCM preparation, Chinese materia medica, and active components on I/R-induced cerebral microcirculatory disturbances, brain injury and neuron damage.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effects of hydroxyethyl starch(HES 130/0.4)on leukocyte activation,mast cell degranulation and vascular permeability in rat mesentery during the early phase of endotoxemia.Methods Thirty-six male Wistar rats weishing 200-250 g were randomly divided into 3 groups(n=12 each):Ⅰ normal control group received only normal saline(NS);Ⅱ LPS group and Ⅲ HES group received LPS 2 mg/kg iv followed by iv HES infusion at 16 ml·kg-1·h-1 for 60 min(HES group)or equal volume of NS(LPS group).The animals were anesthetized with intramuscular 20% urethane 1 ml/100 g.The abdomen was opened and the mesentery of small intestine was pulled out and placed on transparent observation plate at constant temperature and moisture and examined under microscope for microcirculatory changes.Leukocytes rolling along,adhering to and emigrating from mesenteric venules,mast cell degranulation and FTTC-albumin effux from venules were examined before(baseline)and during the 90 min after LPS administration.The expression of CD11b and CD18 on the leukocytes was determined using flow cylometry.Results The number of leukocytes rolling along,adhering to and emigrating from venules and degranulated mast cells were signitlcanfly increased in LPS group as compared with control group.These LPS-induced changes were significantly inhibited in HES group.The albumin effiux Was enhanced and CD11b/CD18 expression upregulated in both LPS and HES groups.Conclusion Hydroxyethyl starch(130/0.4)can ameliorate the increased vascular permeability and microcirculatory disturbance in rat mesentery during the early phase of endotoxemia.
ABSTRACT
Microcirculation includes arteriole, capillary and venule, which occupies more than 90% of whole vessels. It provides molecular exchange between inside and outside of the vessels. In the microcirculatory disturbance, there are change of vascular diameter, decrease in blood flow, oxidative stress, increase in vascular permeability, degranulation of mast cells, and so on. Microcirculatory disturbance is related with not only cardiovascular and cerebral vascular diseases, but also vascular diseases in diabetes mellitus, and liver and renal dysfunction. Traditional Chinese medicine has treated the microcirculatory disturbance by herbal medicines and acupuncture. However, little is known about mechanisms of effects of herbal medicines and acupuncture on the microcirculatory disturbance. The technique of intravital microscopy allows for quantitative investigation of vascular permeability, oxidative stress, and adhesive interaction between different circulation cells and the blood vessel walls.<BR>In Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University, we have investigated the effects of herbal medicines and acupuncture on microcirculatory disturbance through observation of changes in vascular permeability using FITC-labeled albumin, and oxidative stress using DHR fluorescence. In this literature, I show our data and explain the mechanisms of protective effects of herbal medicines and acupuncture on microcirculatory disturbance.